NMN & NAD+ Information
NMN & NAD+ Information
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Molecular structure of NMN
What is NMN in summary
NMN is an NAD+ booster. NAD+ in the body is used for many cellular functions including: DNA repair, creation of enzymes, immune cell function. NAD+ has been shown to decrease with age. Many people who boost NAD+ levels with NMN report greater energy levels. Read the information below and the cited articles for a better understanding of NMN.
Things that can potentially bring NAD+ levels down
- Lack of exercise
- Poor diet
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Ageing
- Viral infection
What is NMN
"NMN stands for nicotinamide mononucleotide, a molecule naturally occurring in all life forms. At the molecular level, it is a ribo-nucleotide, which is a basic structural unit of the nucleic acid RNA. Structurally, the molecule is composed of a nicotinamide group, a ribose and a phosphate group (Figure 1). NMN is the direct precursor of the essential molecule nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and is considered a key component to increase NAD+ levels in cells."[1]
What is NAD+
"Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme for redox reactions, making it central to energy metabolism. NAD+ is also an essential cofactor for non-redox NAD+-dependent enzymes, including sirtuins, CD38 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases. NAD+ can directly and indirectly influence many key cellular functions, including metabolic pathways, DNA repair, chromatin remodelling, cellular senescence and immune cell function. These cellular processes and functions are critical for maintaining tissue and metabolic homeostasis and for healthy ageing."[2]
NAD+ levels in the body go down with age.
"Remarkably, ageing is accompanied by a gradual decline in tissue and cellular NAD+ levels in multiple model organisms, including rodents and humans. This decline in NAD+ levels is linked causally to numerous ageing-associated diseases, including cognitive decline, cancer, metabolic disease, sarcopenia and frailty."[2]
NAD's role in DNA repair & the results of persistent DNA damage
Parp 1 is critical for the detection and repair of DNA damage. Parp 1 needs NAD+.
"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is critical for the detection and repair of strand breaks. Persistent activation of PARP1 depletes cellular reserves of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a critical co-factor for many enzymes including sirtuins, which are a family of protein deacetylases and ADP-ribosyltransferases that broadly regulate gene expression and protein stability.''[4]
"Persistent DNA damage (genotoxic stress) triggers signaling cascades that drive cells into apoptosis or senescence to avoid replicating a damaged genome. The drawback is that these cancer avoidance mechanisms promote aging.''[4]
NAD+ role in immune function [5] [8]
What are efficacious doses of NMN?
This study[3] testing: Placebo, 300mg, 600mg, and 900mg oral administration of NMN seems to point to doses of 600mg or greater as an efficacious dose.
In this video Dr. David Sinclair talks NMN dosing, based on what he says 1 gram or more seems to be a good idea.
https://www.youtube.com/watchv=fEKSuAapDUc&ab_channel=ReverseAgingRevolution
Another video with Dr. David Sinclair speaking about dosage and the importance of consistent NMN usage.
https://www.youtube.com/watchv=lTdNQ0vYgcA&ab_channel=WellnessMessiahwithRimon
Taking a large enough dose of NMN/NR to get enough NAD+ into tissues throughout the body.
https://www.youtube.com/watchv=Vik7auA9QC4&ab_channel=FoundMyFitnessClips
What time of day to take NMN
It is preferable to take NMN in the morning or early afternoon as many people report an energy boost, and some people have reported sleep issues if taking NMN in the evening.
What method of intake is ideal for NMN
All the studies that I have read have been on oral administration, but some people opt to empty the capsule under their tongues(sublingual). Sublingual seems to be acceptable as much of the NMN will be digested anyway.
Does NMN have to turn into NR to get absorbed into the cells?
No, read in depth about the Slc12a8 transporter here[6]. "NMN is transported across cell membranes directly into the cytoplasm of the cell, by an enzyme called Slc12a8.''[7]
References
[1]https://www.nmn.com/what-is-nmn
[2]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7963035/
[3]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9735188/
[4]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7846274/